Advanced Search

Commentary | May 01, 2007

Hurricane Katrina: Disasters Teach Us and We Must Learn

Robert J. Ursano; Carol S. Fullerton; David M. Benedek; Derrick A. Hamaoka

Academic Psychiatry 2007;31:180-182.

View Article Information

Received and accepted January 23, 2007. Drs. Ursano, Fullerton, Benedek, and Hamaoka are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Address correspondence to Dr. Ursano, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814; rursano@usuhs.mil (e-mail).

Article

References

text A A A

Hurricane Katrina was one of the largest natural disasters our nation has experienced. Katrina covered an area the size of the United Kingdom and displaced hundreds of thousands of people. In this volume, sensitive, dedicated clinicians and educators use their experience to find lessons for our academic community as well as for our entire nation. As educators for medicine and psychiatry, the lessons are important in sustaining a critical component of our health care system—the ability to educate and train physicians and those who give care to the mentally ill, often the most overlooked component of our health care system.

Katrina affected all parts of New Orleans, as well as the entire Gulf Coast. Psychological first aid was an important component of intervention (¹—³). The principles of psychological first aid are an evidence-informed approach to providing early intervention after disaster. Psychological first aid has five principles:

Each of these principles has a strong empirical base which supports its helpfulness in many stressful situations in most contexts. There will never be a randomized trial of these principles after disaster, although program evaluations can incorporate these elements into assessments. Debriefing has had a great deal of popularity with first responders; however, for multiple reasons, the literature does not support its use (⁴, ⁵).

Communications, housing, contact with loved ones, and the importance of work, where much of one’s identity is focused and sustained, are highlighted by Kahn et al. (⁶). One helps not only students and patients by reestablishing the university and clinical work setting, but also those who depend on jobs, employment, pay, and contact with colleagues as part of their lives. We often overlook the degree to which work is a sustaining and organizing part of life. For children, their work—that is, school—organizes their time, focuses tasks, and provides contact with peers to share emotional events. The same is true for adults and work.

Balancing work and home can be a substantial stressor that is not often examined. Those with more difficulty balancing work and home demands were at greater risk of both posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after the five hurricanes in Florida after 2004 (⁷). Thus, for us and for those on whom we report, the challenges of wanting to rebuild home and ensuring the safety and comfort of loved ones are compelling pulls from work, as well as reasons to work.

Early intervention after disaster is both a social and health necessity. The need for mental health intervention is substantial and increases as time passes postdisaster. Early intervention requires cultural awareness and both individual and population-level interventions: from public education to screening and health surveillance, and from leadership to psychotherapy, medication, and management of chronic medical conditions (⁸, ⁹). Psychological first aid must be combined with needs assessment and an understanding of the epidemiology of disease, risk behaviors, and distress (¹⁰).

Those who were evacuated represented another level of needed care and an important setting for university-based clinicians and educators to intervene (¹¹, ¹²). Evacuation centers highlighted the breadth and depth of this disaster. Posttraumatic stress disorder was not the primary concern. Rather, traditional, severe mental illness and the loss of care for this part of our population was the first concern (¹³, ¹⁴). From drug abuse, schizophrenia, and bipolar disease, those who had evacuated needed their medications and usual avenues of support and care reestablished. In this setting, undetected or untreated medical disease can be the primary presenting cause of psychiatric illness. For example, hypertension can present as a psychiatric care issue in an evacuation center when medicines have been lost.

The academic department is also a workplace, with all of the opportunities and challenges of workplaces (⁶, ¹⁵). Its products are education, research, and clinical care. As a workplace, the academic department requires preparation and planning for disaster. A close integration of human resources, security, employee assistance, and occupational health for the medical school are critical to its function in a disaster (¹⁶). Some of the most stressful aspects of disaster recovery can be the downsizing of an organization and the loss of friends and colleagues resulting from economic impact (¹, ¹⁵). As economic impacts increase over time, resulting health risk behaviors can also increase. Smoking, substance use, motor vehicle accidents, family conflict, and violence, as well as community crime, are long-term costs of large disasters that also affect our universities and their communities. Interventions for these chronic and often forgotten disaster risks are part of our task as educators of our communities, as consultants to primary care and caregivers for the mentally ill in university, hospital, and city communities.

Medical student education, although often the handmaid to residency education, is the core of the School of Medicine’s responsibilities (¹⁷). As we address our tasks as educators to bring our knowledge to our lesson plans and curriculum for medical students, residents, and graduate physicians, where does disaster psychiatry fit in? Some have begun this task. Does every emergency room rotation include disaster response? Does psychological first aid appear in our training and what we teach? Is public health a viable part of our curriculum? What do we teach about evacuee care? These questions are the outgrowth of the thoughtful and detailed descriptions the authors in this volume challenge us with. Perhaps it is time to address them.

References

Osofsky HJ: In the eye of Katrina: surviving the storm and rebuilding an academic department of psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry 2007; 31:183—187

Psychological First Aid Manual, National Center for PTSD. http://ncptsd.kattare.com/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_psyfirstaid.html

Psychological First Aid: How you can support disaster victims. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine. http://www.centerforthestudyoftraumaticstress.org/downloads/CSTS_Psych1stAid.pdf

The Debriefing Debate, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine. http://www.centerforthestudyoftraumaticstress.org/downloads/DebriefingDebate.pdf

McNally RJ, Bryan RA, Ehlers A: Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychol Sci Public Interest 2003; 4:45—79

Kahn MJ, Markert RJ, Johnson JE, et al: Psychiatric issues and answers following Hurricane Katrina. Acad Psychiatry 2007; 31:200—204

Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Reissman D, et al: Mental health consequences of disaster response, presented at Work Stress and Health Conference, Miami, Fla., 2006

The Nation’s Mental Health Protection: Resilience after Disaster, Summary of Conference on Early Psychological Intervention Following Mass Trauma: Present and Future Directions, Conference at New York Medical College. http://www.nymc.edu/trauma/index.asp

Ursano RJ, Fullerton CD, Weisaeth L, et al: Public health and disaster mental health: preparing, responding and recovering, in Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry. Edited by Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS, Weisaeth L, et al. Cambridge University Press, London, UK (in press)

Hamaoka D, Benedek DM, Grieger T, et al: In Crisis Intervention, in Encyclopedia of Stress, 2nd ed. Edited by Fink G. London, Academic Press (in press)

Frank JB, Trinidad AC: Katrina relief: lessons for the academic medical center. Acad Psychiatry 2007; 31:196—199

McClain TC, Hamilton F, Clothier J, et al: Opportunity missed: a lesson learned from evacuating mentally ill patients following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Acad Psychiatry 2007; 31:188—189

Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Norwood AE, et al: Trauma, terrorism and disaster, in Terrorism and Disaster: Individual and Community Mental Health Interventions. Edited by Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS, Norwood AE. London, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp 1—20

Hurricane Katrina evacuee mental health care, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine. http://www.centerforthestudyoftraumaticstress.org/downloads/CSTSEvacuees.pdf

Winstead DK, Legeai C: Lessons learned from Katrina: one department’s perspective. Acad Psychiatry 2007; 31:190—195

Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS, Vineburgh NT, et al: Workplace preparedness for terrorism. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, 2006. http://www.centerforthestudyoftraumaticstress.org/downloads/CSTS%20Sloan%20Workplace.pdf

Townsend MH: Medical student education in psychiatry after Katrina: disaster and renewal. Acad Psychiatry 2007; 31:205—210