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Medical Education and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Review of Ethical Guidelines and Their Implications for Psychiatric Training

Received November 11, 2005; revised February 12, 2006; accepted March 23, 2006. Dr. Geppert is Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, and Chief of Consultation Psychiatry and Ethics, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Address correspondence to Dr. Geppert, 1501 San Pedro Drive Southeast, Albuquerque, NM 87108; ethicdoc{at}comcast.net (e-mail).

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews and summarizes eight ethical guidelines of major professional organizations regarding the pharmaceutical industry’s role in the psychiatric education of trainees. METHOD: The author conducted a literature review of research and guidelines pertaining to the pharmaceutical industry’s relationship to trainees, with special attention to ethical implications.RESULTS: A spectrum of ethical acceptability is represented in the various guidelines. The greatest disagreement exists regarding the appropriateness of gift-giving and hospitality. The greatest degree of consensus exists regarding the provision of and criteria for scholarships to trainees. Policies regarding the use of samples and the industry’s influence on graduate medical education were less well developed compared with other areas. CONCLUSIONS: A review of guidelines can serve as a basis for dialogue, curricula development, and further research on the ethics of pharmaceutical company interactions with trainees in academic psychiatry.

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